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A PostgreSQL cluster/database freezes its encoding at initdb / CREATE DATABASE time; a C (non-UTF-8) locale yields a SQL_ASCII cluster, which makes psycopg3 return bytes and crashes SQLAlchemy. Harden the installer and add a reusable pattern for future DB installers: - ensure_utf8_locale_active: generate AND activate en_US.UTF-8 for the install process before the server package runs initdb; abort if the locale is not actually available - create the database explicitly with TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING 'UTF8' LC_COLLATE/LC_CTYPE 'en_US.UTF-8' instead of inheriting the cluster default - assert_db_encoding_utf8: post-install guard, abort with an actionable message if pg_encoding_to_char is not UTF8 (catches old SQL_ASCII DBs on re-run too) - credentials/README docs use su - postgres -c (minimal LXCs have no sudo)